Reasons Behind Transformation of U.S. Intelligence Community in 21st Century

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

.

Abstract

 
The United States Intelligence Community underwent an unprecedented transformation at the beginning of the 21st century. The changes took place in the three fields of structure, objectives, and tools. By asking what reasons underlie the transformation of the United States Intelligence Community in the 21st century, this study presents this hypothesis that "new terrorism", which marked a milestone in security issues on September 11, 2001, has been the main reason behind this transformation. In addition, two other factors, namely "cyber revolution" and "changes in the structure of the international system" have also had an impact in this regard. The findings of the study show that there is no significant evidence or document incompatible with the presented hypothesis and that all the mentioned factors have had an impact on the transformation of the United States Intelligence Community

Keywords

Main Subjects


دوئرتی، جیمز؛ فالتزگراف، رابرت (1376)، نظریه‌های متعارض در روابط بین‌الملل. ترجمه: علیرضا طیب و وحید بزرگی. تهران: قومس.
کرامر، فرانکلین؛ استار، استیوارت؛ منتز، لری (1394)، قدرت سایبری و امنیت ملی. ترجمه: گروه مترجمین، تهران: دانشکده اطلاعات.
میرمحمدی، مهدی؛ محمدی‌لرد، عبدالمحمود؛ سالارکیا، غلامرضا (1387)، سیاست و اطلاعات (مطالعه موردی ایالات متحده آمریکا)، تهران: مؤسسه مطالعات و تحقیقات بین‌المللی ابرار معاصرتهران.
صدیق، میرابراهیم (1390)، انقلاب سایبری و تحول در پدیده جاسوسی. تهران: فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی، سال نوزدهم، شماره اول، بهار 1395، شماره مسلسل 71.
هادیان، حمید (1383)، سیاستگذاری خارجی و دفاعی آمریکا بعد از 11 سپتامبر. فصلنامه دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی،‌ واحد علوم و تحقیقات. سال اول.
Gill, Peter, Marrin, Stephen; Phtthian, Mark (2009), Intelligence Theory: Key questions and debates. London: Routledge.
Krahman, Elke, ed. (2005), New Threats and New Actors in International Security. NewYork, Palgrave.
Naughton, J. (2012) From Gutenberg to Zuckerberg: What You Really Need to Know About the Internet, London: Quercus.
Waltz, Kenneth N. (1979), Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.
Best, Richard A. (2003), The Intelligence Community and 9/11: Congressional Hearings and the Status of the Investigation. Available from: www.fas.org/irp/crs/rl 37650.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2017.
Blidaru, Horatiu (2003), The American Intelligence Community After 9/11. Available from: www.security studies.ro/art_blidaru_horatiu.pdf. Accessed April 10, 2017.
Dibella, Anthony j. (2013), Organization theories: Perspectives on Changing National Security Institutions, available at ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-69/JFQ-69_13-19_DiBella.pdf.
Greenwald, Glenn; MacAskill, Ewen (2013), Boundless Informant: the NSA's secret tool to track global surveillance data. The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
Morgan, G., Gregory, F., & Roach, C. (1997), Images of organization.NewYork Times, December 4, 1998.
ODNI, (2009), Available from: http://www.dni.gov/overview.pdf accessed: 12/05/2017.
The 9/11 Commission Report: Executive Summary (2002), in http://www.9_11commission.gov/ report/911report_exec.pdf.
The U.S Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and House Permanent Select Committee on intelligence (2002), Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities Before and After The Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001.
Wirtz, J. J. (2017), The Cyber Pearl Harbor. Intelligence and National Security, 1-10.
Clemente, D. (2013), Cyber Security and Global Tnterdependence: What is Critical?. Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs.