Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract According to the theory of “Douglas North”, the existence of multiple centers of power in a country and their competition for obtaining benefits or maximizing their benefits and their capacity to use violence against each other, disrupts the development process. Using North's theory, the main question of the article is: "What is the capacity of Iraqi political groups in terms of violence and what are the strategies to control violence in Iraq?" To answer the research question, this article used library resources to collect data and descriptive-analytical method to analyze the findings. The findings of the article show that "the capacity of Iraqi groups to use violence against each other" in the process of "distribution of benefits" is high, and the most important way to control this capacity, which is considered one of the main obstacles to development, is the "referee" factor. The "referee" factor can guarantee the stable process of development in the transition period and provide conditions for Iraq to be on the verge of becoming a developed country based on the local definition of development by monitoring the process of distributing benefits.

Abstract The author of this paper is of the view that the Shiite theological position of the Shiite prevents emergence and growth of extremism, violence as well as promotion of terrorism and in the meantime it blocks any possibility of extremism, criminal atrocities and expansion of non-believers realm of domination. The research has found that due its obedience to Ahl Al-Bait (the House of the Prophet Muhammad P. B. U. H), establishment of rationalism especially during the reform movements in the contemporary age including in the works of various thinkers like Motahari, Allame Tabatabai, Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, Imam Khomeini who have discussed several issues like monotheism, prophethood, justice, imamate, resurrection, force and freedom, inherent goodness and grace, and the virtue of reason and independence of reason, the Shiite theological positions have prevented emergence of violation and extremism among the Shiite Muslims. This approach has found a proper bed in principles of Shiite jurisprudence and jurisprudence itself and with the guidance provided for the youth and the society it has prevented any inclination towards terrorism in the Shiite societies.

Abstract The main aim of this paper is to analyze the role and function of the UN General Assembly in the fight against violence and extremism and to show that it argues that this UN body does not follow a specific precedent in its efforts to fight violence and extremism and depending on the international circumstances its actions differ, however, in comparison with other UN organs, it has been trying to prevent and also to fight these problems and overall, this function has been conducted in a successful manner.