Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract A Critical Approach Theories which try to explain political development have a eurocentric approach to it.They do not pay attention to different cultural settings and historical experiences of non-western countries. Because of some fundamental socio- cultural differences, politicaldevelopment and democracy are different in different countries. Therefore it is better tospeak of different types of democracies and political development. Western experiences andperceptions can not be generalized to others countries. Each country should develop itsown model of development according to its own experiences and socio-political conditions.Western theories can not prescribe the final model for development to third worldcountries. Their insights should be used but it is the country-specific social, political,cultural and economic conditions which determine its own appropriate model fordevelopment.

Abstract If development is seen as an even process of growth in various parts of the society, itneeds management. Specifying the goals of development and making appropriate policiesare related to available means and agents. Management can coordinate these componentsof a development program. At the same time, in the process of development, managementshould be developed i.e., it should improve and spread to all aspects of social life. Theimprovement of management means specialized training, better techniques, and continuousevaluation. Appropriate management plans better, organizes more efficiently, appoints moreefficient agents for development programs, and directs the process of development moresuccessfully. This article concludes with some advice for better management ofdevelopment in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Abstract This article examines the process of political development and the five crises societiesmay encounter in this process. Political development refers to the transformation of politicsboth in type and style. Since informal political processes challenge the formal ones,political development is not a smooth process. Five types of crisis may emerge: crises ofidentity, legitimacy, participation, distribution, and penetration. The author defines eachcrisis, clarifies their interrelationships, and discusses their impact on political development.Three measures - equality, capacity, and differentiation- are introduced and all types ofcrisis are evaluated according to their relationship with these measures. If these crises aresuccessfully resolved, the result will be political development.