Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract    The legal system of elections in Iran is based on the principles of the Constitution, legal institutions and electoral practices. These three sources are parallel and the legal institutions are in line with the Constitution and the practices are in line with the domestic laws. Assessment of the stability and value of the legal system of election is dependent on the association with the said sources; however, this connection cannot be measured with legal criteria. According to the Constitution, the legitimacy of officials and the validity of the affairs are driven from the elections. Legal system of elections cannot be stabilized on the basis of domestic laws, because accumulation of the laws with regard to the elections and their continuous changes in the aftermath of the Revolution together with the defects have led the legal system of elections to a phase of practice and error.  Furthermore, the electoral practices and understandings of the domestic laws cannot contribute to the needed stability of the legal system of elections.  

Abstract  With a lot of international treaties and bilateral agreements and national legislation, marine transportation is still not secured. In order to achieve successful record, those international treaties require a proper bed at which all member states should delineate their borders and join those treaties; but this is not the case at present. Marine safeguarding measures are of those quick responses to coupe the threats and dangers that sometimes push a given party to comply with the relevant obligations. These measures can be discussed either through legal or a military view. Marine safeguarding measures include actions established according to the law and is implemented on responsible authorities, ships, passengers and commodities that lack a criminal nature and they are done just to coupe a threat or make compliance with the relevant obligations in the area of territorial sea.