1-Be’eri,” The Waning of the Military Coup in Arab Politics“, p.69,80.
2-Seale, Patrick, Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988, P.333.
3-See: Van Dam, Nikolas, The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society Under Asad At The B´aath Party, Third Edition, London, I.B.Tauris, 1996, pp. 119-20.
4-See: Negus, Steve, ”The press goes too far“, Middle East International, 24 (October)1997, pp.10-11; Caster, John, ”In egypt, testing press freedoms can provoke official backlash“, Washington Post, 8 (October)1997; Negus, Steve, ” Mubarak’s press dilemma“, Middle East International, 13 (March) 1998.
5-Amnesty International Report 1998, London, Amnesty International Publications, 1998, and: Freedom In The World, 1995-1996, New York, Freedom House, 1996,pp.443-45.
6-Finer, Samuel, The man on Horseback: The Role of The Military in Politics, Boulder, Co. West View Press, 1988; and, Poman Kol Kowicz and Andrzej Korbonski (eds), Soldiers, Peasants and Bureaucrats, London, George Aleen and Unwin, 1982; and: Samuel P.Hantington, The Soldier and The State, Harvard, MA: Belknap, 1957.
7-Wak, Edwaed Lutt, Coup D’Etat, Cambridge, MA.Harvard University Press, 1980; and; Bruce far Cau, The Coup: Tactics in the Seizure of Power, West Port, CT.Praeger, 1994.
8-Perthes, Volker,”Stages of Economic and political Liberalization“, in: Eberhard Kienle (ed), Contemporary Syria: Liberalization Between Cold War and Cold Peace, London, I.B. Tauris, 1994.
9-Drysdale, Alasdair and Raymond A. Hinnebush, Syria and The Middle East Peace Process, New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1991.
10ـ برای بررسی و اطلاعات بیشتر درباره اقتصاد مصر و اصلاحات اقتصادی آن رجوع شود به:
-Middle East Economic Digest, Vol.42, No.16,17 (April) 1998,pp. 25-45.
11-Brand, Lauvie A, Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Allience Making, New York, Columbia University Press, 1994.
12-Karawan, Ibrahim A, The Islamist Impasse, Adelphi Paper 314, Oxford, Oxford University Press for The IISS, 1997.
13-Bengio, Ofra, ”Iraq“, in: Ayalon, Ami (ed), Middle East Contemporary Survey, Volume 13, Bouldr, Co. Westview Press, 1991.
14-Sayigh, Yezid, Arab Military Industry, London, Brassey’s, 1992.
15-Zisser, Eyal, Decision-Making in Asad’s Syria, Washington Institute Policy Memorandum, Washington DC., Washington Institute for Near East Policy, February 1998.
16-Pollack, Kenneth M. The Arabs At War: Arab Military Effectiveness Form 1945 to 1991, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, forth Coming.
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