Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract Here is the English translation of the abstract, incorporating the previously established keywords:

Sheikh Ja’far Kashif al-Ghita does not have an independent theory of security, but his security logic can be reconstructed through jurisprudential rulings concerning the preservation of the foundation of Islam, defensive jihad, and authorization to the established power. The research problem addresses how the jurisprudential priorities of Sharia are regulated in the face of threats. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical method and a text-based approach, this research examines the relationship between Sharia and security in his thought.

The findings indicate that the ultimate referent of security in Kashif al-Ghita’s political jurisprudence is the “foundation of Islam”—encompassing Dar al-Islam (the Abode of Islam), the lives of Muslims, and religious rituals—rather than the person of the sovereign or the state. In the face of the Russian threat, this logic manifested as the obligation of public defense and a “conditional authorization” to the ruler to organize the defense. His authorization to Fath-Ali Shah does not make the monarchy inherently legitimate, but merely authorizes the sovereign’s defensive action. Consequently, the dialectic of Sharia and security in his thought does not imply the suspension of Sharia to ensure security; rather, it represents the activation of the internal capacities of jurisprudence through discerning the subject matter (tashkhis-e mawzu) and the systematic precedence of the more important over the important (al-aham wa al-muhim) in a state of threat.

Abstract Introduction
The relationship between health and security has long attracted scholarly attention; however, the connection between health and national security was conceptualized more systematically in the post–Cold War era. Biological warfare and biothreats have consistently been regarded as major security concerns. Despite significant advances in biotechnology, particularly in genetics and genome-editing technologies, which have paved the way for a new generation of biological weapons, several factors—including the complexity of human biological responses, globalization, and the limited availability of population-scale genomic data—have constrained their widespread deployment. Recent developments in genomics, together with advances in artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and the emergence of Precision Public Health (PPH), have the potential to transform the collection and analysis of biological data. These developments may fundamentally reshape the role of genomic information in security affairs and give rise to a new national security paradigm in which genomic data constitute a central strategic asset.
This article examines the evolution of biotechnology and explores the role of the Precision Public Health genomic platform in transforming the concept of national security. It argues that these developments may establish the human body as an independent domain of warfare while simultaneously redefining social and human concepts. Focusing on Iran, the study further highlights the need for a new framework for genomic data security.
Methods
This study employs a qualitative research design based on a descriptive-analytical approach. Data were collected through documentary research, drawing on books, scholarly publications, policy reports, and official documents. The collected materials were analyzed qualitatively to identify key trends, patterns, and conceptual relationships relevant to the study.
Findings and Discussion
Although biological threats have been a persistent feature of human history and technologies such as CRISPR (short for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats”) genome editing have introduced unprecedented possibilities for biological manipulation, the lack of comprehensive population-level genomic information has limited the practical use of biological warfare, leaving it a relatively underexplored and poorly understood mode of conflict. Evidence suggests that these constraints are gradually diminishing, potentially paving the way for biological warfare to become a more conventional form of conflict. This prospect has been increasingly reflected in scientific literature, strategic reports, and statements by political leaders of major powers. The emergence of the Precision Public Health genomic platform is likely to accelerate this trend.
The Precision Public Health platform was developed to prevent disease through the integration of genomics, environmental and behavioral data, and advanced analytical technologies. Broadly speaking, the platform performs two primary functions: first, the collection of genomic information through expanding digital connectivity and the generation of large-scale data from all dimensions of human life; and second, the design of continuous, adaptive, and individualized interventions based on real-time data, for the purpose of shaping and engineering future trajectories. The realization of these objectives requires the comprehensive medicalization of both individuals and society. Consequently, the platform extends beyond healthcare and seeks to manage and optimize multiple aspects of human life through genomic data.
This transformation alters traditional patterns of data collection by shifting control away from governments and private institutions toward platform-based ecosystems capable of generating continuous real-time data. Within this emerging paradigm, competition among major powers for access to and influence over genomic data becomes increasingly significant. In Iran, genomic data collection remains largely dependent on traditional academic and private-sector institutions, with a primary emphasis on personalized medicine. Nevertheless, the rapid global expansion of Precision Public Health is likely to influence Iran in the near future.
Conclusion
By generating real-time, individual-level, and population-scale genomic data through the expansion of digital connectivity, the Precision Public Health platform has the potential to remove one of the principal barriers to biological warfare. Early indications of this transformation were evident during the COVID-19 pandemic, when advances in biotechnology enabled the rapid development of vaccines within approximately one year. Current initiatives aimed at reducing vaccine and therapeutic development timelines to as little as one hundred days further illustrate this trajectory. Such achievements depend on access to detailed genomic information concerning both human populations and pathogens, information that can be generated through the Precision Public Health platform. If fully realized, these developments may signal the beginning of a new era in biological warfare.
More broadly, Precision Public Health may establish a data-driven mode of governance that gives rise to a new genomic paradigm in which social, political, and security concepts are interpreted through a genomic lens. In such a paradigm, human beings may increasingly be understood as repositories of genomic data, leading to profound transformations in identity. Likewise, the state acquires new meaning as platform-based authority increasingly influences legitimacy, policymaking, and power. Ultimately, governmental institutions may become components of a broader system of governing intelligence, operating within a data-centric framework of authority.

Abstract Introduction
In the context of policy-making, the extent to which Iran’s security apparatus addresses both internal and external threats to national security in the southeast region has significant implications for the challenges and future security of the Sistan and Baluchistan province. This study, while analyzing security threats in the southeast region, seeks to answer the primary question: “What are the key factors in strengthening the national security of the I.R. of Iran in the face of security threats in the southeast region of the country.”
The hypothesis of this study says that “the fundamental factor in ensuring the security of the southeast region of Iran is relying on smart security, based on three elements of promoting social awareness (through social elites), economic development (through the development of economic infrastructure in the region, Makran coast, and border trade) and creating people-oriented security (relying on the experiences and roles of social elites and leaders of the Baloch people).”
Methodology
The paper tries to address the following objectives to a reliable point to present the factors for promoting Iran's national security policies in the strategic region of the country’s southeast:

a) Reconceptualizing Iran’s strategies for addressing threats and challenges in cyber/virtual space and social action environments;
b) Formulating a novel security management policy tailored to the region’s current complex conditions;
c) Proposing a model for fostering soft social security between the political system and the country's southeast region; and
d) Offering a critical analysis of Iran’s security management policy in the southeast region and envisioning a favorable scenario.

 
Result and Discussion
The research findings indicate that building “soft security” and moving away from the “hard” approach is the most effective way to enhance the region’s security. Based on this, it is emphasized that “the fundamental factor in ensuring the security of the southeast region of Iran is relying on smart security, based on three elements of promoting social awareness (through social elites), economic development (through the development of economic infrastructure in the region, Makran coast, and border trade) and creating people-oriented security (relying on the experiences and roles of social elites and leaders of the Baloch people).”
However, the ethnic-religious sentiments in the southeast of Iran and the mental frameworks developed among the Baloch about themselves and others have been significant contributors to security instability. Expecting stable security in this region would be unrealistic unless the government alleviates the sense of relative deprivation and the tangible indicators of such deprivation. Therefore, instead of merely addressing the symptoms in security domains, we should seek the root causes. Concentrating on breaking the vicious circle of “ethnic-religious tensions”, “modern ignorance”, and “poverty and economic inequality” could be highly beneficial in this regard.
In addition, considering the following recommendations can inspire policymakers to make better decisions in order to improve the security structure of the region:

Launching swift initiatives to address economic issues by establishing economic and manufacturing entities across the entire province of Sistan and Baluchistan;
Fostering the cooperative sector with the aim of job creation, promoting social equity, and empowering the middle and lower-income segments of the community;
Implementing and advancing sustainable development and security strategies, and pursuing a unified approach among all local, provincial, and national authorities;
Establishing enduring and long-term (sustainable) economic prospects for the region’s inhabitants, such as advancing the development plan for the Makran coast;
Utilizing the potential and diversity of tribes, ethnic groups, and religions, securing the approval of local residents and Sunni religious authorities for the execution of development initiatives in the province, and prioritizing underprivileged areas;
Establishing a unique economic zone and a maritime-focused economy, giving adequate consideration to tourism and leisure service sectors, as well as setting up desalination facilities to supply potable water to towns and villages;
Strengthening cultural foundations and bridging cultural divides through media, public education, higher institutions, and religious centers; and

● Encouraging intercultural dialogues and fostering social and economic interactions among religions, while setting aside ethno-religious tensions.

Abstract Introduction
“Judicial security,” a relatively recent concept in security studies, remains a subject of ongoing debate with no universally accepted definition. Despite the varied interpretations, a recurring theme in prior research is the notion of “ensuring citizens’ access to justice through legal proceedings.”
Securing judicial integrity is crucial in building citizens’ confidence in the judiciary. If people perceive justice as elusive or feel the judiciary may fail to deliver it, they might opt for independent conflict resolution. Consequently, judicial security plays a pivotal role in bolstering national security, underscoring its importance in preserving national stability.
Acknowledging the significance of judicial security, this paper seeks to explore the query: How can we ensure judicial security? To address this, we first need to pinpoint the precise definition of ‘judicial security’ by reviewing existing research. The paper subsequently presents methods for preserving judicial security and concludes by highlighting potential risks that could undermine it.
Methodology
The research approach is qualitative and thus has benefited from qualitative research tools. Also, for exploring the concept of judicial security and presenting strategies, it is analytical-prescriptive and is applied in terms of purpose; because it has provided a solution for solving the problem of how to ensure judicial security.  The data was collected and analyzed through library research.
Result and Discussion
Ensuring judicial security is a crucial step towards fostering societal peace and psychological safety. The term ‘judicial security’ is interpreted in various ways by experts. For a more nuanced understanding, it’s beneficial to separately explore the concepts of “security” and “justice.” Security refers to the state of being free from threats and preserving stability, while justice pertains to the resolution of legal conflicts in accordance with the law and through due legal processes. When these two notions are merged, judicial security can be encapsulated as the assurance citizens have in the judicial authorities’ ability to uphold threatened rights or reinstate violated ones.
In this interpretation, judicial authorities form the foundation for the establishment of judicial security. The objective of judicial security is twofold: to safeguard rights that are under threat and to reinstate rights that have been violated. The government, in its broadest context, holds the primary responsibility for the creation of judicial security. Achieving judicial security necessitates the formulation of strategies that can instill a sense of security within the structure of judicial institutions, both objectively and subjectively. These strategies are designed to enhance predictability, ensure the realization of justice, and furnish mechanisms for dispute resolution within judicial institutions.
To improve judicial security, five key strategies are proposed: 1. The establishment of a judicial order; 2. The creation of relative stability in laws; 3. The utilization of expert legal counsel; 4. The implementation of effective media management; 5. The assurance of client satisfaction. Additionally, maintaining judicial security necessitates the mitigation of threats in this domain. These threats encompass fraudulent documentation, the inability to substantiate rights, collusion with judicial authorities, and the lack of access to the litigant.
Moreover, judicial security is endangered by three issues in the citizen-government relationship: 1) the inability to initiate a lawsuit; 2) the preference for informal ways over litigation; and 3) judicial corruption. Judicial security is also compromised in the relationship between the government agent and the government itself, with the most significant factor being the impact of political slogans, such as anti-corruption campaigns, on the judicial process. It’s important to note that ensuring judicial security is a long-term endeavor that necessitates multi-year and ongoing planning. Furthermore, the perception of judicial security among the clients of judicial institutions is contingent upon its sustainability.
 

Abstract Extended Abstract

Introduction:
Judicialization of politics and the doctrine of political quistion are among the components of constitutionalization in the constitutional legal system of the United States of America. Therefore, the supremacy of the constitution considered as the main pillar of the American political order.
Judicialization of politics in the United States is important, beacause modifying the doctrine of political quistion and through basic proceedings, issues have been brought into the jurisdiction and decision making of the courts, especially the Supreme Court, which have traditionally been classified as "political quistion" outside the judicial reviw United States.
 
Lawsuits related to national security in the Supreme Court of the United States were considered as political questions and decision-making was left to the executive and legislative powers.In two cases presented, by separating the internal and external dimensions of national security, the Supreme Court considered the internal dimensions of national security outside of the political question and decided on it.
Referring to the second article of the Constitution, the Supreme Court of the United States argues that the President is the only representative of the country in international affairs. The court also introduces the president as not only the head of the executive branch but also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Therefore, he has the authority to make decisions about the interests and external aspects of national security. Of course, he is responsible for these powers and must be accountable. In order to guarantee the principles of republicanism and democracy, the constitution deems judicial supervision of the president's decisions regarding national security inevitable.
No article or book has been published in Persian about judicialization and national security. The author of this article has previously published an article about the governance of national security and judicialization in Iran's judicial system. Research on the issue of politics and radicalization in the United States is available. However, considering national security as a political issue and explaining the procedure of the court in examining related claims can be considered the main issue and innovation of this article.
 
Methodology:
The results of this research are based on the theoretical foundations of the concepts of judicialization and political quistion. After analyzing the theoretical foundations, two decisions of the Supreme Court of America have been analyzed and analyzed based on the commentator-oriented interpretation method. First, the opinion of the judges of the court is stated, and then the criteria for decision-making and the governing principles of the method of interpreting the text of the constitution are explained.
Conclusion:
The research results indicate the following. (a) Ambiguity in the concept of national security in the legal system of the United States of America. (b) The extensive authority of the president as the commander-in-chief and also the sole representative of the nation in international relations has created a constitutional crisis. (c) The separation of national security interests in the internal and external dimensions has determined the political quistion. (d) The external dimension of national security is considered a political question and the court refuses to hear legal claims in this regard. The Supreme Court of Korea argues that the president, as the sole representative of the American nation and the commander-in-chief, has broad powers and is accountable to the Congress and the people for these powers.
 

Abstract This research aims to review and evaluate the form and content of papers published in “Strategic Studies Quarterly”. The study employs a qualitative, content analysis-based methodology and a descriptive-analytical approach to assess the contents. The research population consists of 178 papers published between issue 75 (Spring 2017) and issue 98 (January 2023). To objectively and qualitatively assess the contents, the review was conducted systematically using eleven parameters. The results reveal that the papers can be classified into three general categories related to Iran’s security: 65 papers pertain to internal security, 38 to external security, and 39 to both internal and external security. The evaluation of participant numbers was favorable, with 131 researchers contributing to the writing of 142 papers. Among scientific institutions, Tehran University had the highest contribution with 32 papers. An examination of research methods revealed that the descriptive-analytical method was the most popular among researchers. In terms of the level of analysis, the national level accounted for the largest share of papers at 47.18%.

Abstract This study aims to develop a functional model of the Supreme National Security Council (SNSC/SHOAM) in the national security governance of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The authors have attempted to represent and prioritize the dimensions, components, and effectiveness criteria of the council. A combined approach and factor analysis method was used to construct the model. Research data was collected through documentary-comparative techniques, expert interviews, and questionnaires. The research findings reveal a functional model with 46 criteria, which are prioritized into the following seven components: policy-making, rule-making, overseeing, arbitrating, coordinating, managing crisis, and supporting. These seven components fall under the three functions mentioned in the constitution, namely “policy determination”, “affairs coordination”, and “threat counteraction”.

Abstract This paper attempts to study the challenges of national security governance, while answering the question "How does the National Security Supreme Council play its role in security governance?". The results are provided by using descriptive-analytical research method and interviewing twelve expert experts using the chain reference method and then preparing and adjusting the questionnaire (with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.87) using the key points extracted from the interview and distribution among 30 experts and practitioners in the field of national security. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to analyze the data and check hypotheses, and Friedman's test was used to rank the indicators. The results of the research indicate that the National Security Supreme Council can play its role in the security governance of the Islamic Republic of Iran through three special tasks of policy determination, coordination of actors in the field of governance and mobilization of resources. In fact, the nature of the Council governance is regulatory governance. Also, the findings show that 46 challenges can be identified in these three special tasks, and the most important challenges caused to the Council in these three areas are: the dimension of policy determination (with an average of 39.2 %), the dimension of actor coordination governance arena (with an average of 35.2 %) and resource mobilization dimension (with an average of 27.1 %).

Abstract This research aims to answer the question that “what are the most important issues of Hormozgan province as a local unit from the point of view of governance?” According to the results of the research, mismanagement, politicization, lack of meritocracy, lack of development based on land use planning, lack of infrastructure, economic stagnation, unemployment, water resource management crisis, regional inequality and imbalance, and weakening of the rural economy are the top ten important issues of local governance and management in Hormozgan province. The analysis of the aforementioned issues showed that in order to strengthen local governance, the systemic approach, network relationships and complex structures should be given attention by local agents and their governance vision should be strengthened in such a way that macro and holistic and meticulous visions must be considered together. Also, the human resources required for good governance at the local level must have the ability to make decisions, monitor and manage issues with regard to both national and local levels, and finally, considering the time dimension, local agents, in addition must have enough authority to operate and the need to have a futuristic vision.

Abstract Historical memory and collective memory are one of the most important components of cultural capital, which reflect the lifestyle, worldview, and civilizational roots of a nation as a plaque and birth certificate, and their protection requires sensitivity of policymakers that the mentioned cultural heritage and it is the basis for the formation of social and national identity. Preservation, strengthening and restoration of memory or collective memory, which is manifested in the form of memory politics, has gained double importance in the modern world, because citizens who are exposed to the cultural components of other societies through mass media, If they are not familiar with the culture of their land, they will inevitably borrow the values and symbols of other cultures. This article, while reviewing the existing theoretical literature about cultural capital and memory policy and its importance for national security, examines some of the traumatic trends in the field of memories and traditions of the Holy Defense on a case-by-case basis and suggests strategies for optimal policy making.

Abstract Abstract
This article seeks to examine the role of intelligence agencies in state-craft. The authors define state-craft as an intrinsic act of the government and considers the philosophy of existence of intelligence institutions as playing a role in state-craft and believe that intelligence organizations have four cognitive, supervisory, safeguarding and executive roles in order to run an efficient state-craft. This paper considers the relationship between intelligence activity and governance as a developmental relationship and believes that intelligence activity is a requirement of governance and governance is not possible without intelligence activity. The author presents three historical theoretical approaches to information, including "information as the discovery of secrets", "information as the interpretation of secrets" and "information as a tool for creating the environment" regarding the role of information in governance.

Abstract This article examines the impact of identity policy reflected in education textbooks on Iran's national security. The main question is what is the effect of the identity policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the textbooks of social studies in the first year of high school on national security? The research method is based on the technique of qualitative content analysis with a deductive approach and three books of social studies of the first period of high school that were taught in Iranian schools in 1399-1400 have been studied. Findings indicate that the studied books provide a disproportionate and unbalanced picture of attention to different dimensions and trends of national, ethnic, religious, religious and gender identity. In addition, even little attention to the identity components of modernity and Sunnis has often been accompanied by a negative orientation. This kind of applied identity policy does not strengthen the prominent multiple identities of students, which will weaken the national identity and ultimately threaten national security.

Abstract Based on the scientific principles of planning and strategic studies, designing broad headings of issues facing governments is not only not helpful, but may also lead to confusion in decision-making and the loss of the country's scarce resources in allocation and action. In this research, using the opinions of different experts and using MICMAC software and measuring the interaction of these issues with each other, an attempt has been made to prioritize the issues from the perspective of a specific position of influence and influence and a way for decision makers to prioritize and make decisions. The findings of this study show that the three issues of "Iran's foreign policy incompatibility with the international system", "nuclear case" and "Iran-US relations" are the most important issues that play a significant role in shaping and intensifying other issues. They affect Iran's national security

Abstract Given the complex and multifaceted nature of the concept of national security, the question of the present study is what role does the leadership play in governing the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran? In order to examine the role of leadership in governing national security, four hypotheses of "guide", "observer", "supporter" and "executor" are examined and it is stated that the main role of leadership is guidance which is manifested in the form of "general policy making of the system". The weakness of the "guarantee of implementation" in "monitoring the proper implementation of the general policies of the system" has caused a fundamental disruption in the governance of the leadership in this area. The main proposal of the present study is to form a faction in the parliament in order to "monitor the proper implementation of the general policies of the system" which will act as the executive guarantee arm of the "High Board for Supervising the proper implementation of the general policies of the system".

Abstract Archeology is the art and science of recognizing the cultures and civilizations of the past by studying the material data left over from the past that are discovered in scientific excavations of prehistoric (historical) hills and sites or in field studies. National security is also the ability of a nation to protect its internal values (territorial integrity, military power, political system, cultural context, economic structure, national solidarity) against external threats and is sustained when all the elements that form security in a way To grow continuously and in the national interest. The issue of the present article is the role of archeology in strengthening national security. Therefore, the authors have tried to present a conceptual model to show that archeology strengthens national security by discovering the elements and components of the ancient and historical civilization of a nation, through strengthening national identity, nationalism and national solidarity

Abstract This article tries to provide an alternative theoretical framework for managing intelligence organizations and their role in national security by examining the challenges of the information age on intelligence organizations. Criticizing the traditional pattern of intelligence organizations based on the three pillars of "secret disclosure", "producer-customer relationship between information and policy" and "intelligence reporting", the author argues that the continuation of the traditional pattern in the information age and globalization cannot meet the expectations of statesmen for the effective role of intelligence agencies in national security. By presenting an alternative theoretical framework called the "Intelligence weapon", the author argues that the units and theorems of this theory about the role and function of intelligence organizations are appropriate to the age of globalization and through the production of intelligence power can Achieve national security. Instead of seeing Intelligence as an institution for discovering secrets, this theory introduces it as a weapon for covert warfare.
 
 

Abstract Recognition and analysis of religiousness developments in Iranian society, in addition to being an indicator of cultural and social developments, facilitates a deeper understanding and explanation of changes in other areas, including the social aspect of security, both at the level of public security and in the level of national security. This paper seeks to study the trend of developments in religiosity indicators in its important dimensions and components, to analyze the relationship between these developments in today's Iranian society with the social dimension of national security. Accordingly, the findings obtained in the national surveys, especially during more than four decades of the establishment of the Islamic Republic, have been studied and analyzed. Findings have shown that changes in the religiosity of the Iranian people, as well as their attitudes toward religion, religious institutions and official procedures in religious governance, are moving towards the decline of the status, importance and role of religion in society. Based on the results obtained and the ups and downs of various indicators of religiosity, strategic proposals for optimal policy-making and reform of existing trends have been presented

Abstract The extent and quality of people's piety is of strategic importance in Iranian society, which has a traditional cultural-religious context and Islamic rule, and its changes can have security consequences. This article attempts to map the trend of Iranian piety during the years 2009 to 2019 and show the changes that have taken place and examine the security consequences of these changes. Findings show that in the above period, there has been no significant change in the level of religiosity of the Iranian people, but the type of piety has shifted from Shari'a-centered to emotional religion. Although this kind of change does not seem dangerous, an increase in emotional piety may have security consequences, including a change in public reference groups, an increase in religious sects, a decrease in the influence of the clergy, and a weakening of the religious authority and authority of the Vali-Faqih.

Abstract Although the discourse of the Islamic Revolution had an epistemological
disconnection with the discourse of Pahlavism as "other discourse" and had a
coherence within itself, but over time and in confronting with different epistemological
discourses, it was affected by changes and many sub-discourses were formed, each of
which had a special impact on the governance of national security in Iran. In this
article, focusing on the differences between the sub-discourses formed within the
discourse of the Islamic Revolution, the question has been raised that what are the
effects of these sub-discourses on the national security governance? In response to this
question, using library resources and analysis of existing relevant secondary
documents, while examining developments in the discourse of the Islamic Revolution,
the principles and foundations as well as the effects and consequences of each subdiscourse
on the national security governance in Iran are analyzed. The hypothesis
examined in this article is that the evolution of the discourse of national security
governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran, despite the development of a specific
governance model of the Islamic Republic, weakens consensus and forms polarization
and conflict in society and also national security structures and institutions.

Abstract This article studies the legal foundations of national security in the Islamic Republic
of Iran by using analytical method and peruses the linkage between national security
and legal system, the place of national security in the legal system and the path
towards the legal system of national security, concludes that the main foundation of
national security in Iran is based on the Constitution, public obligations and
individual rights and liberties. The connection between them protects national
security in a way that not only special authorities or institutions but also everyone is
considered as the guardians of national security. When propounding expediency as a
strong principle in introducing national security in Iran, this field moves away from
the main principle that is based on public presence and finds a fragile position. Apart
from this, Iran's national security, with its internal and external security approach,
continues to be practically within the legal system rather than along it. The proposal
of this article is to legalize national security according to the Constitution, as well as
to focus on moral and religious principles and to adopt an exceptional approach to
the basis of expediency. Thus, national security will gain a well-established place in
the legal system.

Abstract National security, in modern definitions, in addition to the classical components of
security such as the absence of external threats, is closely interacting with the stability
and survival of the political system and governance and includes components that
focus on citizens, such as civil rights, public trust, political legitimacy and Economic
efficiency. On the other hand, in looking at this concept, the ratio of each of the pillars
of sovereignty should be measured and adjusted with it, and the judiciary is one of the
pillars of sovereignty. Given the main function of the judiciary in establishing justice,
it can be considered the most important element of governance in achieving political
legitimacy, protection of citizens' rights and the efficiency of executive institutions, all
of which lead to the establishment and strengthening of national security. The present
article, by emphasizing this position of the judiciary, examines its performance in
providing national security. Accordingly, the judiciary, on the one hand, will help < br />strengthen national security by providing judicial security, which requires the rule of
law, judicial independence and respect for civil rights, and all of which are modern
requirements of national security. On the other hand, the role of this power in
governing national security has been studied during a phenomenon called policy
judicialization. The connection of the concept of judicial oversight with the executive
and political processes in the world has led to the formation of the phenomenon of
judicial legalization. In the present article, the relationship between the judicialization
of politics and the expansion of the oversight powers of the judiciary to achieve greater
and stronger national security has been examined.

Abstract In national security governance, security policy-making is the duty of the
government. One of the tools of security management is governmental institutions.
According to the law, the country’s National Security Council is one of the
institutions in charge of national security policy management, which is responsible
for the internal security of the country through the security provision councils and
the relevant commissions in the provinces and cities. The purpose of this article is to
analyze, pathologize and evaluate the role of the National Security Council in the
governance structure of national security; for this purpose, the structural, functional
and legal areas of the Council and its relationship with other councils and
institutions responsible in the field of internal security have been measured. The
results of this article indicate that factors such as shortcomings in the law
determining the duties and organization of the country's security council,
composition of members and the type of their role in the council, reducing the
concept of internal security to military and law enforcement security and duty
overlapping with that of other institutions has caused this council not to be able to
play an effective role in the structure of the country's security governance as it
should; therefore, it has become more of a coordinating institution.

Abstract Strategic surprise occurs when the national security system is unable to fully prevent
a crisis or of a priori management of the situation to reduce the damages caused by
the crisis. National security governance also means the activism of certain
institutions of the country's political structure that have a specific mission in the
field of national security by law. Accordingly, the main question is what effect does
strategic surprise have on the governance of national security in the Islamic
Republic of Iran? The results of this article show that the occurrence of strategic
surprise postpones the national security decision-making process and increases the
costs of security. While increasing cognitive bias, ambiguity in the role of
threatening actors, keeping national security officials busy, reducing the stability and
influence of national sovereignty, doubts about security priorities, increasing
insignificant signals and increasing public distrust of the national security system are
some examples of the impact of strategic surprise on the national security
governance. This article suggests ways to reduce these surprises.

Abstract  
This article seeks to examine the aims of publication the prison memoirs of individuals and political groups during the Pahlavi regime. One of the main functions of publication the communists memories in Reza Shah's prison was the propaganda for the benefit of the Tudeh Party. The memoirs also were a manifesto against the regime and delegitimize it. The Pahlavi regime also published some jail memoirs in support of its ideology and interests with attracting some prisoners. The memories of Pahlavi regime prisoners after the Islamic Revolution have also been published with the aim of delegitimizing the regime, legitimizing the revolutionary groups and delegitimizing the counter-revolutionary groups. In their representations of imprisonment, storytellers have standardized the behavior of their own groups as "normal" and rejected their "other" in various ways. The publications of memoirs have a function in "Political Post-Revolutionary Events Now" and resulted in the elimination of some individuals and political groups.
 

Abstract  
The purpose of the article is to examine King Salman of Saudi Arabia's approach towards Iran and the strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran against Saudi actions. This paper hypothesizes that Saudi Arabia under King Salman has more than ever attempted to securitization of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the role of "functional actor". The main finding of this article is that support for securitization of Iran's regional role in the Middle East has been a key focus of Malik Salman's Saudi policy toward Iran. The new Saudi leaders have emphasized on what they called "Iran's destructive regional role" and tried to highlight Iran's policies and actions in the Middle East as the main threat to regional stability and security to mobilize various capacities against Iran. Although these measures have exacerbated security pressures against the Islamic Republic of Iran, however, trying to securitization of Iran has faced significant restrictions and challenges.