Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract The author in this article, defines civil society as a layer between nation and state. Creation of this layer in the complementation of structure of power, derives from perceptions of state and nation in the west. Thus, this has been hypothesized that: because of differences between Islamic political view and its western about state, nation and their relationship, such a sphere can not be formed in the Islamic structure of power.Western state is an aggressive state, against nation, dominantive, apart of comprehensive values and nation is also weak and against state which needs state's supports. While, these attributes are not justified by Islamic though.As a result, according to political view of Islam, public domain has not a certain existential philosophy, and Islam to serve citizens rights and regulate social affairs use a pattern which differ from western public sphere.

Abstract The necessity of independence of state, is a significant matter in development discourse. However, we witness that third world states as Iran, which serve their material needs by such oil benefits-and because of this, have a considerable independence, are underdeveloped. Author with evidence to unsucceded experiences of states, led to this result that independence is not a necessery pre-condition for development.This article asserts that relative independence of state will be useful for Odevelopment, if only we have had a relative independence of Civil Society. In other words, we can hope to economic development in a state, when political freedom, political participation, and in general, political development simultaneous with other changes and political system be open to political participation. Ofcourse, such a situation in states revals not in ordinarily situation but at financial crisis. This means that, states because of their financial problems open their political system to political participation and it is some thing different by real political development.

Abstract In most of human communities, statemen view to power as a valuable good, which they have to employ it as an opportunity for the rest of their lives. In the lack of law, and citizens'' control, statemen act autonomously (without any control) and citizens consider these acts with pessimism. Under this situation, which social insecurity is the clear characteristic of it, growth of bureaucratic and social frustrations, will be inevitable;   since it is the easest and most available alternative.This article, explain and clarify the negative consequences of local civil institutions and suggests that civil society''s inforcement is vital pre-condition for providing security for citizens in Iran in order to develop their presence in the political ground (political development) and ultimately reach to economic development. Which its abandounment, will be decanstructive and led to political and economic instabilities.

Abstract Civil Society regardless of conceptual and theoritical debates, shows specific type of social and regulative life, in which human groups-as an independent actors-interact with state. On the other hand, many countries-developed or undeveloped one- confront ethnic problem. In I.R.Iran also there is a variety of Iranian ethnicities and for this reason, it is necessary to discuss about ethnic problem in civil society in Iran.The essential question is how we can resolve this matter in the frame of civil society concept. To give an answer, author firstly tells us about different approaches-such as Modernization, Marxism, and Primordialism- and there after represent citizen-ship pattern to recreate Iranian ethnic integration and harmony within the frame of I.R. system. Author believes that, law structure of I.R.Iran accepted the equality of Iranian ethnic groups, regardless of their religion, race and language, then it can be a suitable base for resolving problems in our country. To obtain this goal, we need an efficient citizenship pattern.

Abstract This article surveys conceptual changes of civil society at recent two decades in the eastern-europe. It emphasizes that stablishment of civil society is a necessary factor for any state which wants to have democracy. Ofcourse, this concept explains 1980 decade occurences, but it should not be forgotten that this concept has been in return influenced by these occurences. So, we witnesses variety of meaning for this notion.The second subject which have been reperesented in this article is the range of these meanings and definition of civil society as a layer between nation and state. At the ultimate it discusses about state, it's situation in society and its relation with civil society, which forms the most important section of this work.Author believes that law constraint of state implementation sphere and determining scope of individual free activities-whit respect to experiences of liberal and communist government-forms enteralcore of modern concept of civil society project.

Abstract The author in this article in attention to rise of civil society concept in recent years, attempts to rationalize and justify this concept in terms of global and eastern processes. To this purpose after analyzing recent fifthy years occurences in USSR, he notes to special approach of civil society which includes western liberal democracy. According to the author the significant factor which sould be redifiened for creation of civil society is state. Hence, it is necessary to discuss about minimal and maximal state and that civil society is inconsistent with minimal state. Ofcourse, the author have been able to distinguish two kind of civil societies in the light of minimal state: minimal civil society and strong civil society. In sum, this article by employing these two models of civil society, derive historical origins of civil society in the west and then give a particular vision of various and partly different thoughts of western scholars-from medieval to contemporary ages.