Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract The Synchronical growth of two seemingly contradictory phenomenons is in these two decades very surprising. On the one hand, we can see "Globalization" process in culture, economic markets and political-law modes. On the other hand, there is ethnic differences and focus on fundamental group identity and ethnic royalties in many regions and stales. Contrary to prediction of many experts of development and international observers in 1960s and 1970s, wide scale modernization doesnot contribute to decline of local and ethnic sensations. Causes and quality of ethnic identities in many different areas of world, and correct ways of dealings with pluralistic process which is forming in cultures and identities, is the question attracts social scholars. In this article I want through debates on nationalism and ethnic nationalism, present an appropriate framework for studying ethnic nationalism and its formation. By using of Anderson and other constructionist theorists - who believe in forming the national and ethnic identities in collective mode- I propose that ethnic sensities (though inactive and asleep) under influence of different internal and external factors with intellectual and the other famous ethnic figures, can be made collective at once and questions nation integrity of countries.

Abstract One of the most important aspect of political modernism is rule of "Dialogue" culture in society. Here, replacement of violence in political Struggles with peaceful rivallry based on dialogue is the main question. Are political system and government form the only factors in expansion of violence into politics? What are the social and sociological factors in this process? Sociological studies show that besides political factors from the "above", social gaps formation from the "bottom" are effective in this regard. In this research we want to show the relation between the system of political participation culture and society, and nature of social gaps. The hypothesis is social gaps form various groups'' demands and needs. If social demands be in a nondialeclical mode, there will be no hope for peaceful struggles in politics area. Such demands are rooted in gaps that we call them preferably "Identical gaps". Ethnic gaps as Identify gaps with regard to their post-class nature and emphasise on linguistic, racial and ethnic Identities can become main factor in general mobilization of special ethnic.Scholars such as Steven Regan show that in western societies after transition from Identical gaps to economic gaps, there is peacepul political participation in place of political violence.In this Article the above hypothesis will be considered and mention to various kinds of social gaps in Pahlavi era.

Abstract Emergence and forming of the phenomenon now called ^vethnic and minorities' issues, is a late subject that founded by changes of world great power fell down after world war I. The aim of this paper is mention to Iranian confrontation with aspects of this event in last years of First World War and their reaction against it. Here will be examined two main subjects: Projects of stablishing "Independent Kurdistan" in remained parts of Ottoman empire, and establishment of a state named "Azarbaijan Republic" in Ottoman part of Aras river. After this historical review, at the end we look at remained materials of this knowledge and familiarity with ethnic matters and it's effect on our future approaches to the issue.

Abstract Historical develop/net of societies from primitive formation towards advanced one is gradual. Each phase of this development has it"s special idendity-knowing process. Nation-States are now the great unit of human societies formation, the world population are divided in unites with political geography, state and certain nation. In some parts of the world national state-making have a long record, and this issue made most of them able in overcoming on national identity-knowing. But in some countries, such as Iran National state-making has a short record, and we should have some difficulties in this way.In this article with presenting some discussion about Identity,national identity and its elements, forming process of national identity, and a model for elements that are effective in national identity-formation, the author pays attention to evaluating the tendency of Arab ethnicity in Khuzistan with regard to national identity in Islamic Republic of Iran.

Abstract Examination of factors, causes and historical grounds of ethnicity issue and etlinicism, besides evolution of ethnic policies of Iranian governments are veiy necessany for exact understanding and dominating political instability of ethnic oppositions.According to this understanding we can recognize why contrary to fundamental changes in structrue of Iranian society in this century, the ethnic issues is yet an important factor.This article will review these factors, causes and grounds in regard to LOR ethnic. After brief mention on racial and ethnical roots of LOR ethnic, and their social, cultural and economic condition the focus of study will be on Palilavi/s (first and second) ethnic Policies in 1304-1357. Here will be examined different policies of Pahlavi regime.

Abstract "Because of importance of Ethnicity, we should Pay more attention to this subject." It is what auther tiys to prove in this article. As he says, it is surprising that - in spite of vital rule of ethnicity in our world - there is a few "Book Research" about:"What is the new forms of Ethnicity?" * "How it acts?" , and....In this way, aut her give us a complete explanation about different approaches to Ethnicity and paint a theoritical Frame-work for it. As he says in "Conclutsion," we could 7 ignore the importance of Ethnicity in the present world, and this factor, would have an active ride. Thus we Should he ready for new Ethnic-Problems in Future.

Abstract In this article aut her give us a complet explanation of different models of Ethnic Policy. According to him, three important models, are: Assimilation: which may be Cultural or Structural. At the opposite side, we have Pluralism which has two important branchs: Equalitarian Pluralism, Which in it, "Ethnic Groups" will act as "Intrest Groups ". Non-Equalitarian Pluralism, which covers different policies as: Internal Colonalism and Ethnic Explosion. At the end, autlier says that, these models Could'l tell us all things about Ethnic Policy in the Present world. Thus we should pay more attantion in Internal Policies and make new modesl for explanation different sides of this vital subject.

Abstract In this article, anther tells us about an important Political phenomena: "Sudden Resurgence of Ethnicity." He belives that, even in present era, the problem of "Ethnicity" is a big problem for   meny of Countries. Ethnic Nationalism (E.N) is an new form of ethnicity and nationalism, that we now see in the world. Imaging a world without E.N, really, is impossible! because we live in different Communities, and according to this Variation, the variety of Identity is an usual issue.In thus way, he explains the different forms of Ethic Crystallization in the two time sections: in the new era that we have memy factors acting in shopping E.N. And in Pre-new era, there have been four factors: I)Territory 2)The Vicissitudes of Struggle 3)Institutionlized forms of religion. 4)Ethnic Chosenness.At the end, anther has a glance on mechanism of changing in the Ethnic-National level. By the way, as outlier says, the different forms of E.N, are the most important type of Ethnic-Struggle in the world. And for this reason, all slates should pay attention to the active rule of E.N.