Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract The Syrian crisis has led to a very important restructure of power and region of groupings. With the analysis that President Assad's government over meant is going to be toppled down very soon, Turkey supported the Syrian a position in a very strong way. After extension of the crisis, the Syrian Kurdish party (PYD) which is equivalence of PKK for Turkey took the power in northern Syria which is located closer to southern Turkish border. In this situation, there I S I L and Turkey began to keep closed eye on it and became passive. This led to termination of peace process in Turkey and in the meantime labeled Turkey as supporter of t ISIL.  The authors of the paper believe that enjoying realism and ontology approach,  the Turkish approach against the I S I L can be analyzed;  it behavior that for the Turkish leaders is because of the absence of optimal options and security concerns.

Abstract  There are some countries that establish and utilize terrorist groups for interest of their own foreign policies, however, they are crippling the international system in fight against terrorism. The ISIL atrocities are one of the cases with its threatening nature and terrorist activities against international peace and security. Accordingly the paper aims at studying the nature and structure of ISIL with a comparative look at the atrocities it is committing; furthermore, the paper discusses possible legislative and criminalization acts of the UN Security Council that can establish terroristic acts of ISIL and pave the way to bring it to trail at international criminal courts.  

Abstract

Terrorist acts and challenges caused by them have led the international society to adopt several instruments to deal with them. On the other hand, within the Rome Statute in 1998 and establishment of the International Criminal Court, a special mechanism was approved to cope with the international crimes. The ICC enjoys merely the legal jurisdiction against the most important crimes according to the International Law; however, in 1994 the International Law Commission proposed that some other treaty crimes, including terrorism, to be covered under the scope of the ICC jurisdiction but its failure to conclude on this matter not to be enshrined under the ICC jurisdiction. Of course, one could argue that even though trail of terrorists is not envisaged in the ICC, but it is possible to bring those crimes under another part of the jurisdiction of the ICC which is already accepted and it is crime against humanity.

Abstract

This paper intends to answer the question that what the election of President Obama and the new multilateral policy have resulted inAfghanistan. The answer is that this policy has brought the transatlantic views more closely to each other and led them to more joint actions and cooperation. On the other hand, the effective multilateralism will get success only if the Europeans invest more on hard power and theUSto be committed to pay more attention on soft power.

Abstract

A survey from  an outsider view at the jurisprudence indicates that the so called term of Islamic Terrorism has been globally promoted based on two approaches. First, terrorism is based on belief and attitude of some of the Muslims. Second, the Western countries have labeled some Muslims with the title of Islamic Terrorism. Apparently, they consider terrorism as a threat against security and democracy; however, they use this label as an instrument in their leadership of the world. But looking at Jurisprudence from inside shows that terrorist acts apart from the thinking behind them or the motivation to globalize it, is considered as criminal and condemned acts; because the main element of Jihad is face to face fighting and respecting its rules and not to surprised attacks and killing the innocent people and properties.  However, there is no an independent title for terrorist acts; although due to its implications it is identical to rebellion and belligerence.

Abstract

In the aftermath of 11 September,Afghanistanwas the first country ruled by Taliban and as theharborofAl-Qaidawhich was attacked by the coalition of western countries led by theUSA. Consequently, the NATO got the command inAfghanistan.  Given the trend and composition of deployment as well as distribution of the NATO troops inAfghanistan, the paper studies the challenges of these troops in the country. These challenges can be considered in three categories, structural, domestic and regional. However, at the structural level, the main theme of the conflict of views between the state parties relies on their different views on functions of the troops, legal interpretations and lack of coordination among them.

Abstract

Although terroristic actions are similar to war and crime actions, however, in terms of legal nature of terrorism, adoption of each of them will lead to different implications.

If terrorism is seen through guilt actions, the terrorist and his/her behavior should be focused on, however, if it is taken as equal to war crimes, the evaluation and judgment should be based on group or network actions. Obviously, at the first level, a rule has been violated and therefore the perpetrator is punished, however, in case of the latter, like Al-Qaida, it has got cohesion and solidarity, with specific purpose and program, supported by some entities and more than that it attempts to resort to brutality on imposing a belief and finally to pretend itself beyond of a group or individual.  IN this paper, given war and crime actions, terrorism is weighed and then the findings will be applied on theGazaincident in the end of 2008.

Abstract The realistic discourse based on "State" which assumes State as the only interactor in the field of politics and international relations, has been changed and redefined due to the following factors: new developments of the post Cold War era, globalization, interdependency, spreading role of transnational social movements, global civil society, national and international NGOs and growing terrorist groups. The present study while using James Rosenoua's triple approaches on International Relations, intends to illustrate the transition from an interactor attitude of State in Realism, and also to survey its conceptual developments in an age when Pluralism is its prominent aspect. Finally the author concludes with evaluation and criticism of the current views on State.

Abstract Regarding Iraq War, there have been a conflict between two rival theory in International policy, namely realism & neo – conservatism. In view pf neo – conservatism, democracy is the most powerful political idealogy in the world. Accordingly, if united statetes attempts to build on a world based on democracy, peace will be developed. They stressed on the importance of development of democracy in the middle east by military means and occupation of iraq was one of the first steps in this regared. In contrast, realists believe that we do not live in a world based on opportunism but in a world based on balance of powers. In their view, the most powerful political idealogy is nationalism not democracy. Therefor, invading and occupying nations have very high costs and creating the conditions for developing nationalism and arising unstability

Abstract One of the exciting subjects and discussions that are in the news is related to what the terrorist groups do act. As a matter of fact, diffusing worry, fear and timidity atmosphere and distrusting to the governmental agencies in the society without huge covering the terrorism in the media doesn't appropriate affect on the public opinion. Here the article is examining empirically the result of the opinion poll institutes for analyzing what the terrorist causes affect the public opinion in the U.S. The media, in fact, is plying the main role especially in the crises for constructing the discursive order.The U.S. government was put obstacles on free flow of reaching the information of its citizens by stressing on the hegemonic approaching in information controlling, and use the censorships instruments in broadcasting news for enjoying the public supporting.

Abstract The September 11^th attacks demonstrated to the US administration that world strategic setting has undergone deep changes and that new threats have emerged in the international scene. Other actors have entered the scene which lack the characteristics of nation-states and in order to counter the threats, previous strategies are not very efficient in this area. In order to encounter the new threats and to secure its national objective and interests, the United Sates has to change its defense strategy. This change was made in various realms and aspects. Security environment and its actors were considered, the instruments and methods of countering were reappraised, new missions were designed for military forces, the country’s military expenditures increased significantly and its focal point was shifted from great powers toward the middle regional actors and transnational organizations. While emphasizing the creation of military bases and desirable alliances around the world geographically, the United States shifted its attention from Europe and East Asia to the Middle East. These transformations occurred both in strategic goals and interests and in defense instruments and methods as well as geographical areas. The new threat required new defense strategy as well. On this basis, this article deals with the degree of change and continuity in US defense strategy after the September 11^th. The new military-security environment, national goals and US vital interests determine the basis for such change and continuity.