Strategic Studies Quarterly

Abstract The end of the Cold War and termination of mutual support of the great powers from dear decedents, globalization, the fight against terrorism since 9/11 and decrease of support of terrorist groups by the states and etc. have led terrorist organizations to commence Mafia activities and to secure more financial resources for their own activities. Therefore, some new organizations have been established with a mixed feature, that is, mutual cooperation of mafia organizations and terror organizations. The paper offers an analysis about this development and focuses on the PKK as a case study. Since early 1990s PKK has been involved as a accomplice to mafia organizations but later it was involved directly with this kind of illegitimate activities and now it has a strong linkage we organized crimes. This linkage contributes to survival of this terror organization and therefore should be considered in developing strategies to contain terrorism.
 
 

Abstract According to the criminal law, the organized crimes have a unique characteristic which is the planned way of accomplishing. This indicates that in comparison with others, these kinds of crimes are not new ones and in spite of it, every crime can be accomplished in an organized manner. In the mean time, based on criminology, other than way of accomplishing, the organized crimes have two other characteristics including their financial and trans-national features. Whenever the above characteristics are linked to the perpetrators of organized crimes, the role of security as the subject of this crime is highlighted. However, despite of terrorism which mainly targets the citizens, these crimes are behaviors against economic and national security. Pursuing those crimes is not comparable to those on the streets or other coercive crimes. Due to the linkage between organized crime perpetrators and the power and also because of formalistic respect to the law and norms by them, police has not been so successful in identification and hunting those criminals.

Abstract The threat of money laundry to national security particularly where the phenomenon is committed in an organized manner through electronic media, results   from crimes that are made mainly through banks and other financial institutes will include the entire of financial and economic system like a net at the stage of integration and solving. Consequently, due to diversity and plurality of financial exchanges, the net grows every moment and poses a serious menace to economic security. Money laundry is also located at the continued chain of criminal acts and their resultant benefits. In continuity of the chain, money laundry is committed by professionals in the most vulnerable parts of the financial system assisted by legal loopholes. The author of the article seeks to explain the huge impact of money laundry on national security, emphasizing its precise and meticulous criminalization in order to not only prevent the preceding crimes, but also preclude the confusion of commercial and banking relationships in an aura of conflicting concepts (legitimate and illegitimate). The situation of money laundry in Iran becomes clear as aided by this specific criminalization and a firm bulwark is established against the dirty money resources notably the revenues of drug trafficking.

Abstract The issue of organized crimes has recently gained the attention of those interested in new strategic analyses as one of the security threats. Nevertheless, in most cases, no reference is mainly made to the major records and the place of this issue in social sciences as well as law, and most of these studies lack depth failing to delve into the technical discussions. This shows that the researchers on security studies gradually learn the necessity of paying attention to this topic. In this article, the author seeks to precisely and comprehensively analyze the concept, dimensions and theoretical models of organized crimes drawing on the existing approaches and literature. Finally, the relationship between these crimes and political stability, social order and national security are explored. First, organized crimes are classified according to their area of activity (domestic or transnational), type of activity (trafficking, organizational and political corruption, and money-laundry), and type of the organization (Mafia-like, criminal, and terrorist), and then theoretical frameworks for the analysis of such crimes are scrutinized. These frameworks include hierarchical model, patron-client model, and economic model. The final section of the article deals with the criminal policy towards such crimes and offering a framework for evaluating them at the political unit level.